Clinkering Process in Portland Cement Manufacturing
In portland cement manufacturing, the raw materials are changed to clinker in the burning operation. Generally the rotary kiln is used for this purpose and involves many processes including pelletizing and nodulizing. This transformation is called clinkering and is analyzed as now generally practiced in cement making from the raw material to the resulting clinker. […]
Kaolin Bleaching Process
A process for producing reductive bleach in-situ in kaolin slurries has been developed. The bleach is formed by mixing an iron sponge powder (-325M) with slurry treated with SO2. The process has been successfully demonstrated in production, and applied to several grades. The color, brightness, and viscosity of the bleached product is equivalent to or […]
Fly Ash Properties and Beneficiation Methods
Fly ash is extremely variable and heterogeneous in all respects except its fine size. Because of its production in huge quantities, it becomes significant as a potential raw material. Fly ash is a finely-divided, widely variable, heterogeneous material most of which is formed by the solidification of molten droplets of inorganic substances in the cooler […]
Pure Phosphoric Acid from Hydrochloric or Sulfuric Acidulated Rock The Imi Process
The Israel Mining Industries Institute for Research and! Development has developed, during recent years, a number of new processes for fertilizer materials. Their phosphoric acid processes, however, are capable of producing an acid of far higher quality than that normally associated with fertilizer grade acid. Unground phosphate rock is fed into the first of a […]
Sludge Production Control from Wet Phosphoric Acid Processing
The accumulation, handling, and utilization of sludges formed from wet process phosphoric acid is one of the major problems in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to explain some of the considerations and techniques that can be employed to provide some measure of control over the problem. An acid made from a Central […]
Kaolin Mining and Processing
Kaolin is an important industrial mineral because it exhibits desirable properties in many applications and because of its relatively low cost. Approximately 2,000,000 tons of kaolin from Georgia and South Carolina are processed and used commercially in the United States each year. Strictly defined, the name kaolin is applied to a group of hydrous aluminum […]
Tertiary Zeolite Ore Mineral Distribution in Size Fractions
Zeolite ores and protores occur in extensive deposits in the western United States. A recent paper describes the general geology and mineralogy of these deposits and their geographical distribution. The zeolites are alkali- and silica-rich varieties of mordenite, erionite, chabazite, phillipsite, ferrierite, and clinoptilolite. The Tertiary zeolite ores consist of one or more zeolites (mordenite, […]
Fly Ash as a Portland Cement Raw Material
In 1966, approximately 125 million tons of raw materials, exclusive of fuel, air, water, and power were consumed to produce almost 74 million tons of portland cement in the United States that is about 3,400 pounds of raw material per ton of finished cement produced. To present the figure in another way, a single plant […]
Removal of SO2 and Production of Sulfur from Smelter Gases
The economic removal of SO2 and production of elemental sulfur from stack gases discharged by base-metal smelters is a challenging-goal. Annually, in the United States, about 3.5 million tons of SO2 are discharged to the atmosphere by smelters. The SO2 concentration of the gases ranges from about 0.5 to more than 3 percent. As the […]
Fluorspar Agglomeration
This report will be given in two sections. The first section outlines techniques and equipment to form almond shaped fluorspar briquettes by means of briquet presses, and the second section outlines techniques of the balling disc. Briquet Presses Fluorspar has been briquetted for a number of years and the so called “peach pit” briquet is […]